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84 Reports of the flood
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In most older human cultures and on all five continents, historical traditions tell of a major flood event. Accordingly, geological strata all over the world indicate several continental flood catastrophes that can best be interpreted as post-flooding events following a single, gigantic, worldwide flood.
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A diluvian flood is reported In 77 different cultures (spread over the entire globe), whereby the rescue came in the form of a ship in 72 of them. It would be surprising if such a catastrophe were not remembered in the historical traditions of the different peoples. Some circumstances that support these flood reports follow:
Mass fossil graves:
Mass fossil graves of enormous extent are found on all continents of the earth. For instance, the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland (160 km from the Orkneys) abounds with petrified fish that died a violent death. It is estimated that the Karroo formation (518,000km2, an area of extensive rock strata in South Africa) contains the skeletons of approximately 800 billion animals (mainly amphibians and reptiles) (1).
Extensive coal strata:
The extent and distribution of coal deposits worldwide cannot be explained by slow processes. A peat layer approximately 50 m thick is required to form a coal seam 1 m thick. A coal seam 10 m thick would require collection of a layer of plant material about 500 m thick. These findings are most readily explained as the result of a gigantic flood catastrophe in which floating material drifted together and was then covered with sand and mud from the interior (2). The fact that practically no roots are found that had grown into the layers beneath the coal seams is evidence of a rapid deposition process.
Gigantic erosive floods:
Ice-age cataclysmic floods, for example the Missoula floods in the north-western US, cut valleys hundreds of metres deep into hard rock. The geological debates lasted for decades until it finally became clear that these geographic findings could only be grasped in terms of a catastrophe (3). In Science on 29 March 2002, Victor R. Baker reported how many geologists had long ignored the effects of superfloods (4). It was generally assumed that the great majority of canyons and valleys had been formed by the gradual forces of wind and water over periods of thousands and millions of years. A gradual revision of these conclusions is taking place based on more recent analyses (5).
Origins of the Grand Canyon:
Many geologists realize that the 28 km-long Grand Canyon could not possibly have been eroded by the Colorado River. It is easy to imagine a huge mass of water being dammed up behind the Kaibab Upwarp plateau towards the end of the post-flood events. Ice age rains may then have filled this lake to overflowing, whereupon the onrush of flood waters with their freight of rocks and boulders were able to carve out the gigantic valley of the Grand Canyon within a brief period (3) (6).
Continent-wide sand distribution:
Much of the sand found today has been transported over great distances. Gravel and sand covering the Sahara over an area larger than 1,000 x 1,000 km was washed up there from the sea into the interior and evenly distributed there (7). The silicate sands of Florida (USA) come from the Appalachians and were thus transported over a distance exceeding 700 km (8). The quartz gravel in North Dakota (USA) comes from the area around British Columbia (Canada) and must also have been transported farther than 700 km (9).
Noah’s Ark:
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Of the 72 flood reports including a ship, the report of the biblical Ark built by Noah is clearly the most sensible and logical:
The proportions of the biblical Ark result in optimum floating stability, comparable to that of a modern container ship. The amount of material needed to construct the ark, with a width to height ratio of 0.5, is the lowest (10). The interior of the Ark was sufficiently large to accommodate all animal species requiring protection from the flood, including food reserves sufficient to last for one year (11).
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Continental drift (plate tectonics):
It can be assumed that all of the present-day continents were joined together immediately after the flood. Of the land animals that had survived in the Ark, some spread rapidly throughout the continent and others found habitats in various regions therein. Rapid continental drift in the ensuing period put an end to this distribution process, so that marsupials, for example, are now found almost exclusively in Australia.
A gradual continental drift is still observed today, whereby it is quite conceivable that the rate at which this process takes place was much higher during the flood and in the postdiluvian centuries. The geophysicist John R. Baumgardner developed a computer simulation of the process modelled on such a scenario (12). To reach their present positions, Africa and America, for example, must have been moving apart at a rate of 12 cm / h for 500 years.
High-pressure minerals in subduction zones:
The rapid return of mineral types from subduction zones (tectonic plate submersion zones) demonstrates that rapid shifts in the earth’s crust are still possible today. The presence of high-pressure minerals, e.g. in the Dora Maira massif in the western Alps, shows that such mineral types can rise to the surface quite rapidly. The geologists Frisch and Meschede describe this as follows: “This convoluted gliding and shifting process […] can raise deep-lying mineral rapidly to near-surface strata […]. Destruction of these high-pressure minerals takes place when the rocks rise gradually or as a result of the influx of water during tectonic processes while they are rising […]. High-pressure minerals are only preserved if they rise rapidly and […] are cooled quickly “ (13).
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References:
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| (1) |
David C.C. Watson, Weltschöpfung und Urgeschichte, S. 166–167. |
| (2) |
Joachim Scheven, Karbonstudien, Neues Licht auf das Alter der Erde, Hänssler, 1986. |
| (3) |
Stephen. J. Gould, The Daumen des Panda, Suhrkamp, 2. Aufl., 2008., S. 204–214. |
| (4) |
Victor R. Baker, Science, 29. März 2002, Vol. 295, S. 2379–2380. |
| (5) |
Alexander and Edith Tollmann, Und die Sintflut gab es doch. Vom Mythos zur historischen Wahrheit, Droemer Knaur, München 1993. |
| (6) |
John D. Morris, Geology, Master Books, S. 69. (deutsche Fassung: factum August 2007 S. 22–30). |
| (7) |
H. Füchtbauer and G. Müller, Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine II, 1977, 3. Auflage, Stuttgart. |
| (8) |
Carl R. Froede Jr., CRSQ 42, März 2006, S. 229. |
| (9) |
Michael J. Oard, CRSQ 44, Frühling 2008, S. 264. |
| (10) |
Werner Gitt, The sonderbarste Schiff der Weltgeschichte, Fundamentum 3/2000, S.36–81. |
| (11) |
Fred Hartmann und Reinhard Junker, Passten alle Tiere in die Arche Noah?, Wort and Wissen, Diskussionsbeitrag 4/90, http://www.wort-und-wissen.de/index2.php?artikel=disk/d90/4/d90-4m.html. |
| (12) |
John R. Baumgardner, Runaway subduction as the driving mechanism for the Genesis Flood, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, 1994, Pittsburgh, Penn., USA, S. 63–75. |
| (13) |
Wolfgang Frisch and Martin Meschede, Plattentektonik, Kontinentverschiebung und Gebirgsbildung, 2007, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, S. 117–118. | |
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| (Images) "Dinosaurs by Design" by Duane Gish |
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